there is no evidence we can find of top-down aid building a country- it should be used for specific -and not continuous- system support eg disaster relief born 1971, bangladesh thanks mainly to fazle abed and partly to muhammad yunus developed bottom up aid- the nation began as 90% rural without access to electricity; brac designed mothers businesses with positive cash flow however small on life changing demands - eg rice production, door dashing basic medicines by foot (Barefoot medics networks), oral rehydration training japan and britain (and possibly canada) supported this bottom up development model- bangladesh had been impoverished by losing access to calcutta when independence of the subcontinent was partitioned; japan helped fill part of the gap with low cost loans for bangladesh to build airport still the challenge to development in tis 8th most populous nation has always been infrastructure catch up; it did develop leapfrog models with mobile phones and solar but has suffered from disastrous neighbor myanmar being cut off for continent coastlines which are otherwise thriving trading areas it was tragic that Japan's Abe was assassinated as he understood abed's last intelligence networks (aged dying age 83 december 2019); the idea of uniting women graduate engineers around world emerged when steve jobs hosted fazle abed 65th birthday party silicon valley 2001; 21st C west coast usa has exponentially designed win-wins with asians in ways that atlantic facing usa has not welcome to economistjapan.com, Japanthanks.com and economistwomen.com - first 60 years

can we unite  graduates of 100  sustainability universities  across Asia's two thirds  of humans? Chris Macrae on LinkedIn asia 1-2-3 economic miracles - abed: uniting 100 sustainability universities post-abe japan... urgent help needed for friends of japan and all young lives matter survey: how can japan society most help japan and japan's inspiration of asian sdg youth = two thirds of world youth? chris.macrae@yahoo.co.uk for worldwide views on 2020s as most exciting decade -defining our species future - please go to The Economist's Norman Macrae (Japan Order Rising Sun Gold Bars) Curriculum www.entrepreneurialrevolution.city zoomuni.net -breaking 2020 -zooming beyond reality- some nations 30 years behind our 1984 timelines for ai teaching/ studying - download and ask for our maps of who's leading chris.macrae@yahoo.co.uk may 2020 (bicycling distance from national institute of health bethesda md usa) writes: since 1960 most of the world's population mapping sdg development - eg asians as over 60% of humans have traded round a japanese translation of global system- compounding solutions americans like deming and borlaug open sourced -more than any other single system dynamic friends have been able to map- brookings update 2020- 5/15 how taipei, seoul, hk, saved their peoples, and hanoi back to middle of 20th c-perhaps it shouldn't be that much of a surprise that it took one of the 2 island nations that most colonised borders up to world war 2 to culturally rollback a higher purpose for uniting peoples ..... Untitled chris macrae at welcome to SDGIRLS.net and economistsports.net - 2 months ago *2020s 5G 4G 3G 2G 1G 0G 1970s* *help! with top 20 Economist challenges* *these are the most exciting times to be alive* *E2 Jack Ma and E3 Sir Fazle Abed* *The most exciting game children have never played? World Record Book of Job Creation* *2025 report - last 7 years to global sustainability* *1960s world record jobs creators*......

  in 1962 the United Kingdom had the highest public debt-to-GDP ratio among major developed nations, largely as a lingering consequence of World War II financing and post-war commitments. Key figures (gross public debt as % of GDP, approximate): - United Kingdom: ~120–125% in 1962 (peaked at over 250% in 1946–47, then very slowly declined) - United States: ~45–50% - France: ~50–55% - West Germany: ~18–20% (benefited from the 1953 London Debt Agreement that wrote off ~50% of its pre-war and post-war debt) - Japan: ~15–20% (also had major debt relief and rapid growth) The UK’s exceptionally high debt stemmed from several factors: - Massive WWII borrowing: Britain financed much of the early war alone (1939–41) and then became the main staging ground for the Allied invasion of Europe. - Lend-Lease from the US ended abruptly in 1945, leaving the UK with a huge dollar shortfall. The 1945 Anglo-American Loan ($3.75 billion US + $1.2 billion Canadian) came with interest (2% for 50 years) and forced sterling convertibility in 1947, which triggered a currency crisis. - Empire/Commonwealth commitments and the costs of maintaining global military bases (“east of Suez”) until the late 1960s. - Slow post-war growth compared to continental Europe and Japan (the “British disease” of low productivity growth). By 1962 the UK still carried more WWII-related debt than any other developed country as a share of its economy. It did not get its debt-to-GDP ratio comfortably below 50% until the late 1980s/early 199 STOCKs, and only fell below the WWII starting level (~120% in 1939) in the early 1990s. So yes – in 1962 the British pound (and the UK taxpayer) was still paying the heaviest relative price for victory in World War II among the major Allied powers.